a) Penetration of aggressive substances from a particular exposure environment, either for new structures (design stage), or for existing structures (during service);

b) Depassivation process and the subsequent electrochemical process of reinforcement corrosion, once it has been initiated;

c) Structural behaviour following corrosion initiation (cracking, spalling, loss of cross sectional area, debonding, deflection, collapse etc);

d) Monitoring of the reinforcement corrosion by external techniques or embedded sensors.